Even for those without an addictive disorder, the long-term use of opioids will result in an increased tolerance to them and withdrawal symptoms when coming off of them. This has led many primary care physicians to avoid prescribing opioids for chronic pain and instead refer their patients to pain management programs for treatment. For patients in addiction recovery, it is wise to consider the many alternatives to opioid-based pain management. Addiction versus Dependence According to the Journal of American Psychiatry , the word "dependence" was introduced in an effort to combat the stigma associated with the word "addiction," differentiating between patients with psychological cravings for a drug and those with isolated physical dependence. Instead of clarifying, however, this distinction has become confusing for patients. The continued interchangeability of the terms in the media compounds the problem. The New England Journal of Medicine defines physical ...
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